{"id":9077,"date":"2024-09-05T08:30:52","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T07:30:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/azimut360.coop\/2024\/09\/reptes-clau-de-la-fotovoltaica-causes-impacte-i-prevencio\/"},"modified":"2024-10-14T17:18:16","modified_gmt":"2024-10-14T16:18:16","slug":"defis-cles-photovoltaique-causes-impact-prevention","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/azimut360.coop\/fr\/2024\/09\/defis-cles-photovoltaique-causes-impact-prevention\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9fis Cl\u00e9s du Photovolta\u00efque : Causes, Impact et Pr\u00e9vention"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/1&Prime;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh1&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb476530&Prime;]D\u00e9fis Cl\u00e9s du Photovolta\u00efque : Causes, Impact et Pr\u00e9vention[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_single_image media=\u00a0\u00bb8877&Prime; media_width_percent=\u00a0\u00bb100&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb204203&Prime;][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb188763&Prime;]Lorsqu\u2019une installation photovolta\u00efque fonctionne de mani\u00e8re optimale, garantissant un approvisionnement \u00e9lectrique s\u00fbr et fiable, elle peut devenir une source d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle. Cependant, la technologie photovolta\u00efque fait face chaque jour \u00e0 de grands d\u00e9fis en mati\u00e8re de qualit\u00e9, d&rsquo;installation, d&rsquo;exploitation et de d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement. Voici cinq d\u00e9fis principaux auxquels la technologie photovolta\u00efque est confront\u00e9e :[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb205646&Prime;]Derating[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb183649&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que le Derating ?<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb123640&Prime;]Le derating fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction de la puissance des onduleurs photovolta\u00efques caus\u00e9e par des facteurs environnementaux tels que la chaleur, l&rsquo;altitude et la tension. Dans des situations extr\u00eames, ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne peut m\u00eame arr\u00eater la production. Cet effet est particuli\u00e8rement notable dans les zones \u00e0 hautes temp\u00e9ratures.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb171936&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Causes du Derating<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb101545&Prime;]Les principales causes du derating sont :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Temp\u00e9rature<\/strong> : Lorsque les onduleurs g\u00e9n\u00e8rent de la chaleur en convertissant le courant continu en courant alternatif (AC) et que la temp\u00e9rature ambiante est \u00e9lev\u00e9e, les onduleurs r\u00e9duisent leur puissance pour prot\u00e9ger leurs composants internes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Altitude<\/strong> : \u00c0 haute altitude, la faible densit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;air facilite l&rsquo;ionisation \u00e0 haute tension, affectant les performances des onduleurs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tension de courant continu<\/strong> : Il est essentiel de maintenir une plage de tension op\u00e9rationnelle ad\u00e9quate pour \u00e9viter le derating.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb910785&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Comment Pr\u00e9venir le Derating ?<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb105463&Prime;]Pour \u00e9viter cela, plusieurs actions peuvent \u00eatre entreprises :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Installation ad\u00e9quate : Suivez les recommandations du fabricant en mati\u00e8re de ventilation et \u00e9vitez l&rsquo;exposition directe au soleil.<\/li>\n<li>Qualit\u00e9 des \u00e9quipements : Choisissez des onduleurs de qualit\u00e9 avec des syst\u00e8mes de ventilation efficaces, soit par convection, soit par ventilation forc\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<li>Surveillance r\u00e9guli\u00e8re : Effectuez des inspections p\u00e9riodiques des \u00e9quipements pour garantir des performances optimales.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb114315&Prime;]Effet LID (Light Induced Degradation)[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb171075&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que l&rsquo;Effet LID ?<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb214310&Prime;]L&rsquo;effet LID ou D\u00e9gradation Induite par la Lumi\u00e8re fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la d\u00e9gradation des modules photovolta\u00efques caus\u00e9e par des r\u00e9actions chimiques dans les cellules de silicium, entra\u00eenant une perte de puissance et d&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 pendant les premiers mois d&rsquo;exposition solaire. Cela peut entra\u00eener une diminution allant jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 10 % de la puissance initiale.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb146898&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Causes de l&rsquo;Effet LID<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb104687&Prime;]L&rsquo;origine principale de cet effet r\u00e9side dans la r\u00e9action du bore avec des \u00e9l\u00e9ments tels que l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne, le fer ou le cuivre pr\u00e9sents dans la cellule de silicium. Bien que la pr\u00e9sence de bore soit cruciale pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer de l&rsquo;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, ces r\u00e9actions r\u00e9duisent le flux d&rsquo;\u00e9lectrons, affectant l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 du module.<\/p>\n<p>Les modules monocristallins de type P sont particuli\u00e8rement vuln\u00e9rables au LID en raison de la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9liminer compl\u00e8tement l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne lors du processus de fabrication. En revanche, les cellules de type N, dop\u00e9es au phosphore, pr\u00e9sentent une plus grande r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 cet effet.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb207344&Prime;]Comment Pr\u00e9venir l&rsquo;Effet LID ?[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb116094&Prime;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Application de temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es et de courants.<\/li>\n<li>Utilisation de technologies avanc\u00e9es telles que des lasers ou des LED.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9limination de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne dans la cellule, bien que cela soit co\u00fbteux.<\/li>\n<li>Remplacement du bore par du gallium.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb125589&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Hotspot ou Point Chaud<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb171121&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;un Hotspot ou Point Chaud ?<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb196311&Prime;]Un hotspot est une zone localis\u00e9e au sein d\u2019un module photovolta\u00efque qui surchauffe, pouvant endommager le module ou, dans des cas extr\u00eames, provoquer un incendie. Ce probl\u00e8me est d\u00fb \u00e0 une r\u00e9sistance \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans une zone sp\u00e9cifique, la transformant en un consommateur d&rsquo;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 qui g\u00e9n\u00e8re de la chaleur, d\u00e9passant les 200\u00b0C.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb181708&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Causes des Hotspots dans les Modules Photovolta\u00efques<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb974046&Prime;]Les hotspots peuvent \u00eatre caus\u00e9s par des d\u00e9fauts internes, des ombres, des soudures cass\u00e9es dues \u00e0 un processus de fabrication d\u00e9fectueux, ou une mauvaise manipulation. D&rsquo;autres facteurs incluent l&rsquo;accumulation de salet\u00e9 et des obstacles permanents tels que des arbres ou des chemin\u00e9es.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb873601&Prime;]Pr\u00e9vention des Hotspots[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb148570&Prime;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Choisir des mat\u00e9riaux provenant de marques reconnues avec des processus de fabrication certifi\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Garantir un transport ad\u00e9quat des modules.<\/li>\n<li>Suivre les instructions du fabricant lors de l&rsquo;installation.<\/li>\n<li>Nettoyer r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement les modules en fonction des conditions du site.<\/li>\n<li>Effectuer des inspections p\u00e9riodiques avec des \u00e9quipements sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb192877&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h2>D\u00e9lamination<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb148734&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la D\u00e9lamination ?<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb172426&Prime;]La d\u00e9lamination fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la perte d&rsquo;adh\u00e9rence entre les diff\u00e9rentes couches qui composent un module photovolta\u00efque. Ce d\u00e9faut peut appara\u00eetre rapidement apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;installation, mais il peut \u00e9galement s&rsquo;aggraver au cours de la dur\u00e9e de vie du module.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb179978&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Causes de la D\u00e9lamination dans un Module Photovolta\u00efque<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb185341&Prime;]La d\u00e9lamination est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une fabrication inad\u00e9quate ou \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisation de mat\u00e9riaux de faible qualit\u00e9. De plus, un transport d\u00e9fectueux et une manipulation incorrecte lors de l&rsquo;installation augmentent les risques de d\u00e9lamination. Les facteurs environnementaux tels que la temp\u00e9rature, l&rsquo;humidit\u00e9 et les radiations UV acc\u00e9l\u00e8rent ce processus, en particulier dans les modules de faible qualit\u00e9.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb194634&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>D\u00e9tection et Pr\u00e9vention de la D\u00e9lamination<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb508527&Prime;]La d\u00e9lamination peut \u00eatre identifi\u00e9e par inspection visuelle, en observant des changements de couleur dans le module, des taches blanch\u00e2tres sur la face avant ou la formation de bulles sur la face arri\u00e8re.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb869827&Prime;]Comment Pr\u00e9venir la D\u00e9lamination ?[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb152723&Prime;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acheter des mat\u00e9riaux provenant de marques de confiance avec des processus de fabrication certifi\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Assurer un transport ad\u00e9quat, en maintenant les modules palettis\u00e9s et exempts de poids suppl\u00e9mentaires.<\/li>\n<li>Manipuler les modules avec soin lors de l&rsquo;installation, en suivant les recommandations du fabricant.<\/li>\n<li>Inspecter la centrale p\u00e9riodiquement, en effectuant des v\u00e9rifications visuelles et en utilisant des \u00e9quipements sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s au moins une fois par an.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb810017&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Comment la D\u00e9lamination Affecte-t-elle les Modules Photovolta\u00efques ?<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb232656&Prime;]Lorsque la d\u00e9lamination se produit loin du bord du module, elle peut influencer les performances sans repr\u00e9senter un risque imm\u00e9diat pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Cependant, si la d\u00e9lamination s&rsquo;\u00e9tend jusqu&rsquo;aux bords, elle peut permettre \u00e0 l&rsquo;air et \u00e0 l&rsquo;humidit\u00e9 de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer, entra\u00eenant une corrosion et une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration irr\u00e9versible du module, mettant en p\u00e9ril l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;installation.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb140755&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h2>Effet LeTID (Light and Elevated Temperature Induced Degradation)<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb550703&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que l&rsquo;Effet LeTID ?<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb654236&Prime;]L&rsquo;effet LeTID est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui affecte les modules photovolta\u00efques, en particulier ceux utilisant des cellules <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambioenergetico.com\/blog\/celulas-solares-perc\/#:~:text=Una%20c%C3%A9lula%20solar%20PERC%20no,de%20c%C3%A9lulas%20es%20muy%20similar.\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PERC<\/span><\/a>. D\u00e9couvert en 2012, il provoque une perte de puissance due \u00e0 l&rsquo;exposition \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re du soleil, similaire au LID, mais se manifeste \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures de fonctionnement sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 50\u00b0C, tandis que le LID se produit \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures plus basses.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb161405&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Causes de l&rsquo;Effet LeTID et Comment il Est D\u00e9tect\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb115522&Prime;]Les recherches d\u00e9signent l&rsquo;hydrog\u00e8ne comme le principal responsable. Pendant le processus de fabrication des cellules, les atomes d&rsquo;hydrog\u00e8ne se diffusent \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;autres couches vers la zone active de la cellule. Les temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es lors du processus de fabrication augmentent cette diffusion, augmentant ainsi le risque de LeTID.<\/p>\n<p>Ce probl\u00e8me n&rsquo;est pas visible \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u0153il nu, car le LeTID est d\u00e9tect\u00e9 par une baisse anormale des performances des panneaux. Pour le confirmer, apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9cart\u00e9 d&rsquo;autres d\u00e9fauts tels que les hotspots ou la d\u00e9lamination, des \u00e9quipements d&rsquo;\u00e9lectroluminescence sont utilis\u00e9s, tout comme dans le cas du LID.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=\u00a0\u00bbh3&Prime; uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb297891&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h3>Pr\u00e9vention de l&rsquo;Effet LeTID<\/h3>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb525530&Prime;]Les fabricants et les laboratoires travaillent pour mieux comprendre et att\u00e9nuer les effets du LeTID. Certaines mesures pr\u00e9ventives dans la fabrication des cellules PERC incluent :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L&rsquo;utilisation de mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 faible teneur en hydrog\u00e8ne.<\/li>\n<li>La r\u00e9duction des temp\u00e9ratures pendant le traitement des cellules.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;utilisation de plaquettes plus fines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb661797&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h2>Ce que Vous Devez Savoir<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=\u00a0\u00bb189501&Prime;]Pour pr\u00e9venir les effets du LID, des hotspots, de la d\u00e9lamination, du LeTID ou du derating, il est crucial de bien choisir les mat\u00e9riaux et les fabricants, d&rsquo;optimiser les processus de traitement des plaquettes et d&rsquo;appliquer des pratiques ad\u00e9quates lors du transport, de l&rsquo;installation et de l&rsquo;entretien des modules photovolta\u00efques. La pr\u00e9vention et la d\u00e9tection de ces d\u00e9fauts garantissent non seulement une plus grande efficacit\u00e9 et une dur\u00e9e de vie plus longue des installations, mais offrent \u00e9galement des avantages \u00e9conomiques \u00e0 long terme.<\/p>\n<p>En d\u00e9finitive, l&rsquo;industrie photovolta\u00efque est confront\u00e9e \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis complexes qui affectent la durabilit\u00e9 et les performances des installations. Cependant, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisation de mat\u00e9riaux de haute qualit\u00e9, \u00e0 l&rsquo;application de technologies avanc\u00e9es et \u00e0 un entretien ad\u00e9quat, il est possible d&rsquo;att\u00e9nuer ces probl\u00e8mes et de garantir que les installations fonctionnent de mani\u00e8re optimale. Chez Azimut360, nous travaillons pour offrir des solutions compl\u00e8tes et personnalis\u00e9es dans la pr\u00e9vention et la d\u00e9tection de ces d\u00e9fauts, assurant que les installations photovolta\u00efques de nos clients maximisent leur efficacit\u00e9 et prolongent leur dur\u00e9e de vie, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant ainsi des avantages \u00e9conomiques durables \u00e0 long terme.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quan una instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 fotovoltaica funciona de manera \u00f2ptima, garantint un subministrament el\u00e8ctric segur<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8880,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[113,208,220],"tags":[115,227,228,229],"class_list":["post-9077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-autoconsommation-fr","category-maintenance-et-operation","category-technologies-photovoltaiques","tag-autoconsum-fr","tag-formacio-fr","tag-fotovoltaiques-fr","tag-manteniment-fr"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>D\u00e9fis Cl\u00e9s du Photovolta\u00efque : Causes, Impact et Pr\u00e9vention - Azimut 360 Energia Solar Cooperativa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Una instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 fotovoltaica funciona de manera \u00f2ptima, garantint un subministrament el\u00e8ctric\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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